Pathophysiology Template case study- Free Sample

Question: Case Study Mrs Ellen White, a 68 year old woman, is brought to the emergency department by her husband. She presents with worsening dyspnoea, cough and increasing sputum production over the past three days. On examination Mrs White is severely dyspnoeic, centrally cyanosed and exhibits pursed-lip breathing. She is alert and oriented but very anxious. Mrs White is using accessory muscles and on auscultation has decreased breath sounds, prolonged expiration and an expiratory wheeze. Observations on admission Temperature: 38.2 C Pulse: 96 beats/minute Respiration rate: 28 breaths/minute BP: 140/90mmHg Oxygen saturation: 91% Patient history Mrs White began smoking when she was 17 and smoked between 20 and 25 cigarettes a day until 10 years ago when she was diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema. Mrs White lives with her husband and is experiencing more difficulty with her usual activities due to increasing breathlessness. The medications that she has been taking are tiotropium bromide (Spiriva) inhaler once daily and salbutamol inhaler every 4-6 hours when required. Results of tests and investigations Pulmonary function tests FVC: 1.8L (75% of predicted) FEV1: 1.0L (55.5% of predicted) FEV1/FVC: 55% (Normal 70%) TLC: 4.5L (109% of predicted) Chest X-ray The chest X-ray shows a flattened diaphragm and lung hyperinflation with a translucent appearance of the lungs and no cardiac enlargement. The AP (anterior-posterior) diameter of the chest is increased. These changes are suggestive of COPD. Blood gases pH: 7.30 (7.35-7.45) PaO2: 45 mmHg (80-100 mmHg) PaCO2: 51 mmHg (35-45 mmHg) Bicarbonate: 36 mmHg (21-28 mmHg) Sputum culture and sensitivity Awaiting results. Mrs White was diagnosed with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease resulting from a respiratory infection. Management Oxygen: 2L/minute via nasal prongs. Salbutamol: 400 micrograms and ipratropium 80 micrograms via metered dose inhaler and spacer 4th hourly prn. Prednisolone: 40 mg orally daily for one week. Doxycycline: 100mg orally daily. Mrs White is transferred to a medical ward. Part 1 - Pathophysiology template Complete a pathophysiology template related to the case study. Part 2 - Questions related to the case study 1. Explain how two of Mrs Whites clinical manifestations are related to the structural and functional changes of her chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2. Select two drugs that have been used to treat Mrs Whites chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Discuss the rationales for the administration of these drugs. Relate your discussion to the pathophysiological process. Answers: Part 1. Definition COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a type of obstructive lung infection exemplified by steady poor airflow. It deteriorates eventually. COPD occurs as constant and considerable inflammatory response to inhaled irritants (MacNee Rennard, 2009). Frequent bacterial infection may involve in inflammatory condition. Poor airflow in COPD is the result of lung tissue destruction that is also termed as emphysema. COPD that is connected with small airways is identified as obstructive bronchitis. Aetiology Cigarette smoking is considered as the main cause of COPD and the other associated factors are air pollution and genetic factors. The probability of COPD development increases with total smoking exposure (Cazzola, 2009). Poor ventilation of cooking fires, biomass fuels lead to air pollution and also considered as one of the most important causes of COPD. Other risk factors may include asthma, a constant airway complication and smoking raises the chance of COPD especially. Pathogenesis Small airways damage causes the formation of big air pouches that is medically known as bullae. This formation changes lungs tissue. These problems are referred to as bullous emphysema. Inflammatory cells for example: neutrophil granulocytes, macrophages and few white blood cells are associated with COPD (Anzueto, 2009). In addition smokers pose eosinophil, TC1and lymphocyte association. Narrowing down of airways takes place due to scar formation and inflammation. This is somewhat responsible for inability to breathe out completely. Decrease in highest airflow occurs while breathing out. This is because chest pressure compresses airways during this incidence. Stimulus Chest pressure compression gives rise to air from previous left over breath in lungs when next breath is started. This causes increase in total air volume inside lungs. This method is identified as hyperinflation or air trapping. Normal alveolar ventilation is the amount of air volume that reaches to the alveoli and accessible for gaseous exchange with blood per unit volume (Morris, 2009). But in COPD, individual has lesser oxygen levels and elevated levels of carbon dioxide levels in blood; this takes place from deprived gaseous exchange due to airway obstruction, decreased ventilation from hyperinflation and lessened want for breathe. Clinical features The basic clinical features of COPD include cough, breathing shortness and production of sputum. Course and prognosis It varies with disease stage, clinical phenotype and therapy responses. Heavier smokers, smokers with marked hyperinflation, diffusion abnormality, without atopy features and poor response to bronchodilators usually have worst prognosis (Suzuki et al., 2013). Cessation of smoking can alter the course and diagnosis of COPD. Diagnosis COPD diagnosis includes spirometry measures, which measures the airflow obstruction and is commonly performed after the application of bronchodilator, which is a drug to open the airways (Chavez Shokar, 2009). Chest X-ray and completed blood counts are also useful to eliminate complicated conditions during COPD diagnosis. Treatment Treatment of COPD includes bronchodilators, exercise, corticosteroids and few antibiotics. The anticholinergics and beta2 agonists are effective in breathing complications and wheeze. Corticosteroids are generally administered in inhaled form and tablets forms are also used to treat acute exacerbations. Pulmonary rehabilitation is considered as a good exercise program, disease counseling and management benefit COPD affected individual. Prevention COPD prevention includes mainly smoking cessation, improvement of indoor and outdoor air quality and improvement of occupational health. Part 2 1. Mrs. White, a 68years old female, presents worsening dyspnoea, increasing production of sputum and cough. She is dyspnoeic, centrally cyanosed and shows pursed-lip breathing. Dyspnoea is said to be the feelings related with weakened breathing. It is considered as a common indication of deep exertion and becomes pathological when it takes place with unexpected conditions, for example: in Mrs. Whites case, COPD. To explain her structural and functional changes within the lungs, it can be said that her ventilator demand might increased because of hypoxemia that provokes the medulla area. However, Mrs. White has a proper oxygen saturation (91%) and almost normal/low carbon dioxide levels (45mm Hg), but still she experiences dyspnoea (YOZA, ARIYOSHI, HONDA, TANIGUCHI SENJYU, 2009). Therefore, to intervene about her breathing difficulty focus can be put on other mechanisms. Upper airway mechanoreceptors can change the breathlessness perception. Airway dilation receptors also react with lung inflation. In case of Mrs. White it might have happened that the limitation of expiratory airflow caused hyperinflation during rest or activities which stimulated stretch receptors. The results of hyperinflation comprise mechanical restriction to enlarge tidal volume, increase in elastic recoil and compression of the diaphragm, especially the vertical muscle fibers (Ora, Jensen ODonnell, 2010). The increased elastic recoil put an inspiratory load on diaphragm that has functional limitation because of undersized length of the muscle, resulting from hyperinflation.Mrs. White is centrally cyanosed, which is thought because of an increased level of deoxygenated hemoglobin. Forcing deoxygenated blood in veins to the systemic circulation gives rise to the cyanosis condition. Associated features are dyspnoea, bluish discoloration of fingers, oral mucous membrane and toes. The hyper secretion of mucus is a severe condition which gives rise to neutrophil activation, epithelial injury and chemokines release (Jones et al., 2012). From the case study of Mrs. White, it is seen that she was a heavy smoker and this condition can be accepted as chronic exposure for Mrs. White to develop COPD. In such cases, during the exposure, continuous neutrophil activation takes place and stable secretion of proteases and inflammatory cytokines leads to hyper secretion of sputum. On the other hand, it is reported that neutrophils, which are involved in the airways and their products play important function in EGFR dependent hyper secretion of mucus. 2. Mrs. White has been recommended with Salbutamol and Prednisolone.Salbutamol administration is useful because it belongs to bronchodilators class and specifically 2-adrenergic agonists (Drugbank.ca, 2015). Salbutamol administered during asthma, chronic bronchitis. It works by relaxing linings of the lung muscle in small airways wall inside lung. Salbutamol dilates airways and helps easier breathing. Salbutamol augments production of cAMP by the activation of adenylate cyclase and salbutamol actions are mediated by cAMP. Increased intracellular cAMP also increases cAMP dependent protein kinase A activity, which inhibits myosin phosphorylation and reduces intracellular calcium concentrations. Lower concentration of the intracellular calcium leads to smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. This drug is commonly applied for bronchospasm, which brings about by chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma and persistent brnchopumonary complications, for example: COPD. Except bronchodilatio n, salbutamol inhibits broncho-constricting agents release from mast cells. It slows down microvascular outflow and increases mucociliary clearance. Prednisolone is a glucocorticoid, a cortisol derivative that is applied to treat various auto-immune and inflammatory responses. Recommendation of this medication is significant for Mrs. White because in case of COPD scar tissue formation takes place inside the lungs. Corticoids inhibit inflammatory response and protect the lungs from the accumulation of collagen and formation of scar tissues. Prednisolone usually binds with the GR receptors or glucocorticoid receptors, irreversibly. Prednisolone can influence and activates the biochemical functions of most of the cells. Regulation of genetic expression (such as: inhibition of COX-2 gene transcription) leads to inflammation suppression and suppression of immune response. This is clinically useful. References Anzueto, A. (2009). The pathogenesis of acute infection in COPD.Breathe,5(4), 311-315. doi:10.1183/18106838.0504.311 Cazzola, M. (2009).Acute exacerbations in COPD. Oxford: Clinical Pub. Chavez, P., Shokar, N. (2009). Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in a Primary Care Clinic.COPD,6(6), 446-451. doi:10.3109/15412550903341455 Drugbank.ca,. (2015).DrugBank: Salbutamol (DB01001). Retrieved 1 April 2015, from https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01001 Jones, B., Pepe, S., Sheeran, F., Donath, S., Hardy, P., Shekerdemian, L. et al. (2012). Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning Fails to Protect Cyanosed Neonates Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Randomised Controlled Trial.Heart, Lung And Circulation,21, S298. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2012.05.731 MacNee, W., Rennard, S. (2009).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Abingdon: HEALTH Press. Morris, C. (2009).The impact of distractive auditory stimuli on indicators of health-related quality of life in patients with COPD. Ora, J., Jensen, D., ODonnell, D. (2010). Exertional dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: mechanisms and treatment approaches.Current Opinion In Pulmonary Medicine,16(2), 144-149. doi:10.1097/mcp.0b013e328334a728 Suzuki, M., Makita, H., Ito, Y., Nagai, K., Konno, S., Nishimura, M. (2013). Clinical features and determinants of COPD exacerbation in the Hokkaido COPD cohort study.European Respiratory Journal,43(5), 1289-1297. doi:10.1183/09031936.00110213 YOZA, Y., ARIYOSHI, K., HONDA, S., TANIGUCHI, H., SENJYU, H. (2009). Development of an activity of daily living scale for patients with COPD: The Activity of Daily Living Dyspnoea scale.Respirology,14(3), 429-435. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01479.x

Love After Love free essay sample

Housden thought people might interpret the meaning differently depending on their own â€Å"experiences of alienation and belonging. † But I believe that this poem is about change in one’s inner soul. There’s a new song that just came out by Damien Marley and Nas called â€Å"My Generation. † In the song, rapper Lil’ Wayne has a short verse where he says, â€Å"I heard change starts with the man in the mirror. † When I heard this I could not help to think to go back to this poem where Walcott mentions â€Å"mirror† once at the beginning and once at the end of his poem as well. I believe looking into the mirror allows you to see your entire self and not try to cheat anything away that you are not. When looking into the mirror, look at yourself and see if you on the outside agree with the one on the inside. We will write a custom essay sample on Love After Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And if that’s not the case, you have some discovering to do, either through love or from other life experiences. Another song that screams change and I couldn’t help to think of when I read this poem is Michael Jackson’s â€Å"Man in the Mirror. † He starts off the song by saying, â€Å"Gonna make a change† and will make him â€Å"feel good. This made me relate to the part in the poem where once after he had looked in the mirror, Walcott says, â€Å"And each will smile at each other’s welcome,† that once you looked in the mirror, you know what change you have to make and it makes both sides of your self â€Å"feel good. † Obviously when any one gets an image of themselves and a mirror, you will always see yourself in it, so Michael Jackson urges us to â€Å"Take a look at yourself and make a change† and that change needs to benefit the inside of you and the outside of yourself needs to reflect it. The next part of the poem I would like to talk about is how Housden portrays the â€Å"stranger† in the poem. I know the big picture of the poem is that this may be about how one may have lost their true love and now he is trying to overcome it as best as possible, but I believe it’s something deeper as well. Housden believes that the â€Å"stranger† in the poem is actually the â€Å"natural current of life. † And sometimes when you are going against the current that’s when things tend to go â€Å"awry. † However, I believe the â€Å"stranger† is your inner self and inner self has loved you. But the inner self hasn’t loved you lately because you have been going away from your core values and beliefs you once had that your outer self is not portraying any more. Now you have to change something inside of you, so that your outer self will then coexist with inner self, or the â€Å"stranger,† could possibly love you again. But Housden at the end of that section gives a brief description that is closely related to what I think as well. Housden proposes that the â€Å"time will come when ‘you’ have imagined yourself to be for so long†¦greet this other ‘you’ and both will smile in welcome. I agree with this because it’s both of yourselves coming together, who don’t meet too often, will smile no matter how different they are because they are still in the same person. Others may have conflicting selves, but when they meet, they will smile and that’s when the inner self needs to make a change for the best of both w orlds. This poem made me think of a past experience in my lifetime and now looking back on it, I kind of lived this poem. I know this is the reason why Walcott used the future tense, so he could essentially make the reader feel that the poem was in fact part of their life. Housden restates it throughout his â€Å"Feast on Your Life† essay how this poem makes you think of yourself even though it may have nothing to do with you, but that’s what Walcott wanted. Well the story starts like this, it was towards the end of my first year in college at the University of Oregon and everything was going great. I made tons of new friends, liked the environment around the campus, loved the sports atmosphere, but there was one problem; I had nearly flunked every class I had taken. Right after leaving school and returning back home, I now realized that I’m going to have to go to community college. After my first quarter at Foothill, I had met some friends, but wasn’t having fun like I was at Oregon and again did poorly on my grades. This time I managed to pass, but it was clearly not acceptable. That winter, I remember walking into the bathroom and looking at myself in the mirror. I kept thinking to myself, â€Å"Is this truly what you are? A â€Å"C† student that doesn’t care enough or try hard enough to pass college? † I told myself that night that I need to make a drastic change in my life that putting school before anything else was the most important thing I could do. My inner self always knew the importance of school, but my outer self failed to recognize this because of all the fun I was having. My outer self had convinced me that the point of college was to have fun first and go to school second. I learned the hard way that it takes losing something that you truly loved, like all of my friends that still go to Oregon, just because school was never a priority. Now my inner self has helped me distinguish what’s â€Å"right† for me and have tried my hardest to balanced my inner and outer selves appropriately. Now that we are looking at ourselves in the mirror, Walcott tells us â€Å"Feast on your life. Now that we have â€Å"peel[ed] [our] image from the mirror,† which means now that once you have analyzed your life, start to make the appropriate changes in your life and start to apply them. Housden says â€Å"wherever you have hidden yourself, there is always time to come out into the light of the day. † That’s the same concept in which I said when your inner self is hiding, and your outer self is taking all the attention, you won’t ever be true to your inner self. The inner self always needs to outshine what’s on the outside, because the inner self is the most important nd it’s what you truly believe. Changing yourself will only make yourself better, as long you analyze deep inside of you to find the thing that truly needs changing. If you change in the right places, either your love life or your feelings towards yourself will change greatly and hopefully for the best. I’ve read from a numerous amounts of critics that this poem speaks largely to Walcott’s cultures. I have read that they believe that this is essentially the â€Å"black† part of his Caribbean culture against his â€Å"white† British part of his culture and how they two are trying to find an equilibrium point. In a way, my opinion of the meaning of Walcott’s â€Å"Love After Love† is kind of the same. I have just related it to my life instead of knowing that part of Walcott’s life as I first read the poem. Now hearing this explanation I guess it makes sense, but I believe that my change theme is truly better. I know there is no essential wrong answer or even right answer to the true meaning of the poem, only Derek Walcott knows the true meaning because he wrote it. But through different musicians and a personal experience later, I believe that the overall message is about the change in one’s inner self. I see this poem as a person who may be trying to find love after failing again, or having the feeling of love again and coming up short how this may help them. But I see it, as these people need to look in the â€Å"mirror† and see what made them fail. What do they need to CHANGE in order either find love or just find their way in life. They are essentially looking the â€Å"mirror† and trying to discover a change that in fact may change their life if they adjust correctly. I will leave you with a quote in which my SAT tutor would always tell me, after good and after bad times, Dont let the darkness of the past cover the brightness of the future.

Look at the Talk Essay Sample Online

Look at the Talk Essay Sample OnlineThe Talk Essay Sample has been in use since it was first introduced. It was developed by Dr. Joseph Jenkins, a lecturer in psychology at Harvard University. Jenkins wanted to help students in writing essays that will be able to take them beyond what they had written in the pre-requisite courses.The Work Essay Sample is also called a study essay or a homework writing and is used by students who are not sure how to proceed with the final project that they have to finish in their school. As mentioned, it is not easy to decide which papers to choose because of the many types of essays that you could consider taking up. One can usually pick from the research essay sample and the argumentative essay sample, but many students do not know how to go about choosing the right essay.The Talk Essay Sample is one type of essay samples which can help you decide which ones are good for you to write. This essay was designed to help students in writing essays that a re not only engaging, but also helping them to form conclusions. This essay is made to be able to handle an audience in university classrooms. The Talk Essay Sample was not always created by Dr. Jenkins.In the beginning, it was not included on any of the syllabi and the student who are going to create this essay, had to figure out what it was to be considered as a traditional essay. The main idea of the essay is to help the students in composing an opinion on a subject. If you are an English major, then you will definitely like the Talk Essay Sample because it is easy to take on board.Some of the talk essay samples that you can find online are exactly what you need to get started. It does not matter whether you are a college student or a high school student who wants to get into college. You can start working on your research paper today, just by following the instructions in this essay. It is going to require you to read the information that you have available, listen to the inform ation that you have provided and look for the necessary information.After having read the Talk Essay Sample, all you have to do is prepare your writing for your thesis statement, which is one of the steps that are taken in writing a thesis statement. Once you have prepared your thesis statement, you can move to the next step, which is to research the topic that you have decided to write an essay on.If you feel that you have found all the information that you need to use in your thesis statement, then you can move onto the last step, which is to draft your thesis statement. If you feel that you still need to revise it, then you can ask a classmate or your teacher for help. You should always write down everything that you think that you have to write down to ensure that you will never forget anything.The Talk Essay Sample is a very popular form of essay that many students, especially college students use to help them compose better written assignments. You can now have a look at the T alk Essay Sample online if you wish to learn more about it. There are so many ways that you can use the essay and you can choose which one is going to suit you best.

The 7 Best Places to Find High Paying Ghostwriting Jobs

The 7 Best Places to Find High Paying Ghostwriting Jobs After my first article about earning big as a ghostwriter on FundsforWriters, the next obvious question so many writers asked was where to find clients that pay well for ghostwriting jobs. Following you’ll find seven high-paying markets for ghostwriters. While there are plenty of websites and portals that offer ghostwriting gigs, most of these do not pay well. It seems counterproductive to give away your hard work for a pittance and not even have the right to claim it as yours. The good news is that not all websites are created equal, and places exist with well-paying projects with the potential for long-term work. Dig beyond the usual freelance websites like Upwork, Freelancer or Fiverr. The average gigs here are short term and in the low-to-mid range. Moreover, stiff competition drives down the on-going rates further. Upwork features an Enterprise Program for selected freelancers while Fiverr offers you to apply for Fiverr Pro if you meet their criteria. The gigs there are well-priced, but unfortunately, they are not open to all. Seven Better Places to Find Profitable Ghostwriting Jobs 1.  Ã‚     LinkedIn ProFinder– This is a new service launched 2.  Ã‚     Working Nomads– Working Nomads is one of the best places to find remote working jobs including ghostwriting. The site was set up to connect freelance professionals with scouting companies. Only the best jobs are posted here as each job post costs the employer $149. Digital nomads often take home five- to six-figure earnings. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freelancewriting– Open since 1997, Freelancewriting is a job board hosting both full-time as well as part-time gigs for ghostwriters. Most jobs are in the five-figure range (for full-time work). 4.  Ã‚     Scripted– Scripted sets very high standards for its writers and has an impressive portfolio of clients, with a strict recruiting process. Once you are in, you gain access to some of the best ghostwriting gigs available. There is a minimum prescribed rate for each writing category. This ensures a minimum payout for each gig and undercutting is not allowed. 5.  Ã‚     Writers.work– A freelance writing job aggregator, this site sifts through the internet to pick out the best gigs and delivers them as a digest to your dashboard. It is a pay-for-membership service but totally worth the expense. 6.  Ã‚     Remote As the name suggests, remote features only remote jobs. They are all well-paid, too. No wonder it has over 2.5 million professionals, including ghostwriters, connected. And the number is growing every day. Remote uses an intelligent AI-based matching system to predict a high probability for job success. 7.  Ã‚     ProBlogger Job Board Established in 2004 as a learning guide on making money as a blogger, Problogger has now become a freelancer’s go-to site for its job board. Clients have to pay to advertise their requirements to its vast database of writers. That’s why the jobs advertised are much better paid than those on content mills. Joining freelance job aggregators like  Periodix  or subscribing with  Freedom with Writing  can also make the search easier without you having to spend hours each day scouring the net. Additionally, joining the  Association of Ghostwriters  or  Nonfiction Authors Association  will not only help you build your credibility as a ghostwriter, it will help you get quality job leads.

BTVET in Uganda

BTVET in Uganda AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING ENROLMENT AND COMPLETION RATES IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING (BTVET) IN UGANDA Introduction This study attempts to conduct an investigation of the factors affecting enrolment and completion rates within the Business, Technical & Vocational Education and Training (BTVET) institutions in Uganda. The study covers a period of ten years (between 1999 to 2009), rationally decided upon as it was during this time when the government Implemented major reforms within the education system of the country, as a result of the Education Review Commission (1989). It will be noted that 1999 falls two years short of the actual time (1997) when the government implemented Universal Primary Education (UPE) free to four children of every Ugandan family in the country a step towards meeting Education for all (EFA) by the year 2012 as one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in the country. The study takes place more than ten years down the line since t he inception of UPE and three years after Universal Secondary Education (USE) programmes. Whilst many primary schools are still struggling with the influx of pupils who would otherwise have had no chance of getting a formal elementary education if it were not for UPE and USE, this author seeks to investigate whether the implementation of these programmes has in any way made a difference to people’s attitudes towards education in general and vocational education in particular. The study seeks to investigate the trend of enrolment and completion in institutions of higher learning and in particular those in the Business, Technical, Vocational Education and Training (BTVET) sector during the time when Education For All (EFA) by the year 2012, has been on top of the agenda as one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for developing countries. The UPE programme took off amidst a barrage of problems including widespread public criticism resulting from the initiall y poor performance of typical UPE schools in the country. Among the problems that pledged this programme from the very start was the issue of congestion of the available classrooms. Because of the UPE programme many schools reported overwhelming enrolments leading to an influx of the hitherto non school going children. This became a cause for concern as a result of the overstretched existing facilities within schools. In spite of the inadequate conditions under which some of the schools operated, and whilst some schools were still lamenting the lack of space and inadequate facilities, it was about this time that the government made good its second promise regarding free education and introduced the Universal Secondary Education, (USE) free for all. The programme, which started in 2007, was introduced in a similar way to UPE ten years earlier. Similar in a sense that the programme was ill prepared for as it was started within the existing school infrastructure and with the same manpo wer. Three years down the line however, reports from the media and evidence from schools seem to suggest that the USE programme has produced increased rates of enrolment in secondary schools by the year since it was started. It is the assumption of this author that if these reforms in the education sector have so far been a success story they could have a similar impact on people’s attitudes regarding education in general and vocational education in particular, and it is from the results of this study that this fact will be fully established. It is on this basis among other factors that this author is to conduct a study of the rates at which students enroll and complete their courses paying particular attention to such factors as cause them to drop out and what to do about it.

Ambiguilty and meaning in the Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad Essay

Ambiguilty and meaning in the Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad - Essay Example No, not very clear" (21). There are several sub-meanings in the novel that can be interpreted in several ways. The story in itself was narrated in a non-conventional way that there was a story within a story adding to the ambiguity of the narrative. But the most prominent ambiguity in the novel is moral ambiguity because its standard and application in the novel was uncertain that it is difficult to tell what constitutes right and wrong, good and evil because these standards were unclear and not easily understood in the novel. One of the most prominent ambiguity in the novel is Kurtz and the circumstances about him. Marlow first heard about Kurtz during a meeting with the accountant of the Company on his way to Congo making him a subject of a subject in a novel or a story of a story as Marlow, the protagonist of the story narrates about him. At first Marlow was somewhat impressed by the reputation Kurtz as he was described as â€Å"very remarkable person† (37) in the novel. Bu t as the novel progresses and as more information was revealed about him, his character becomes blurry that it is difficult to describe his circumstances. ... And perhaps being a novel, maybe device some unusual way to extract vengeance from him for his brutality. But no, he was strangely revered by the natives and was even treated like a god. In his deathbed, natives even surrounded him when Marlow paid Kurtz a visit. And even he felt kinship with the natives that the attack on Marlow’s boat was made with the prodding of Kurtz as revealed by the Russian trader so that Kurtz will not be found and perhaps, to be left alone with the natives. These circumstances blur the logical sequence of morality that you will be hated if you harm people. Instead, Kurtz seemed to be adored by the natives whom he used to slaughter for ivory. The use of words and description of places is also ambiguous that made the novel quite difficult to understand. Congo which is a part of Africa and Africa in general was referred to as the real heart of darkness as the title of the novel suggests but it is also described to be not as dark and gloomy as the coloni sts place such as London and Belgium. This run counters to the common view that we are accustomed with that Africa was supposed to be uncivilized and therefore darker and the Europeans which were supposed to be educated and civilize were supposed to be the bearer of light. But this was negated in the narrative because it was Europe that was darker and not the heart of darkness which was Congo. Here, the standard of what is morally desirable is blurred because the place that was assigned to be the heart of darkness was not after all darker but in fact better than Europe which we used to think as civilized. The ending of the novel was also ambiguous.

Education Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Systems - Essay Example But over the years, it seems the geo-political circumstances have taken its toll on the education sector in Ethiopia. A study carried out UNICEF points out that the net primary schools enrollment for male students in Ethiopia during the period 2000-2007 was around 74 percent, while for females this percentage was 69 percent. The study indicates that the enthusiasm shown by parents could not be sustained for long, as the net secondary school enrollment percentage drops down to 29 percent while for female students this figures comes down to just 19 percent (UNICEF, 2008). This indicates towards a fundamental issue of sustaining the interest of the masses in sending their kids for higher education. This indicates towards a need for allocation of still better resources towards the education sector in the country. Amongst other things, the political climate and the war like situation with bordering Eritrea is also responsible for eating into the resources of the country and thus resulting into the adverse humanitarian situation prevailing in the country. International agencies like UNICEF have indeed done commendable work for addressing the needs of general population. For example, the international agency has earmarked US$3,800,000 for the education sector in Ethiopia for the current year (UNICEF, 2009). Ghana, an integral component o... International agencies like UNICEF have indeed done commendable work for addressing the needs of general population. For example, the international agency has earmarked US$3,800,000 for the education sector in Ethiopia for the current year (UNICEF, 2009). Ghana, an integral component of the Gold Coast, is historically known for its rich resources. But, over the years situation has changed to a great extent. In the 1950's it was known as a country with highest level of education in the entire Sub-Saharan Africa2. But the latest statistics point out that the dropout rate of youth while migrating from primary to secondary schools is substantially higher. The UNICEF statistics3 point out that during the period 2000-2007 the enrollment of male in primary schools was 73 percent and for females this figure was 71. But this figure sharply drops down to 47 percent and 43 percent respectively as the students march towards secondary schools education. Despite having a tuition free and mandatory primary and junior secondary school education in Ghana the enrollment in schools can certainly not be termed as satisfactory. Ghana has made a constitutional provision under article 39, which mandates the tenets of free, compulsory, universal basic educat ion (FCUBE) initiative4. Ghana has been getting international attention as well in support of the forward looking policies of the government. Aid from international organizations and foreign governments is helping Ghana in strengthening its educational system. Availability of resources certainly impacts the shaping of the overall picture of educational system. Ethiopia and Ghana are not the one's having best of resources but the respective governments need to accord more priority to